Читать книгу Alternative Models of Sports Development in America. Solutions to a Crisis in Education and Public Health онлайн
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Originally, the concept of sports in Europe was focused around discipline and the will to strengthen young people whose fitness would be beneficial in the case of war. While formal games and sports were played, the sports themselves were organized by students and workers, often morphing into what some educators called “mob games,” which were for a long while deemed not to have a place within an educational environment (Miracle and Rees 1994). This, of course, was different than American sports being primarily developed along an education-based path, as American educators felt the need to gain control of rapidly developing student-organized sports. Still, during the Industrial Revolution, primarily private and boarding schools in England took the same approach toward emerging sports development initially, as they wanted to control their students and ensure that the games had rules and that those rules were written down and enforced. In the nineteenth century, this institutionalization of sports was brought about under the banner of Muscular Christianity.2 Later in the twentieth century, in England as in other European countries, other sport development options and elite development fell primarily outside the educational system.