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The business community plotted a coup, deposed Liliuokalani in 1893, formed a new government, and petitioned the United States for territorial status. The United States formally annexed Hawaii in 1898.

Military projects and mass travel brought mainland Americans flooding into Hawaii. Many stayed, and so the majority of people in Hawaii came to see themselves as Americans, though a minority disagreed (some still do). After many years as a territory, Hawaii became the fiftieth state in 1959.

On November 23, 1993, the United States belatedly apologized to the Native Hawaiian people (Public Law 103-150). Today, several groups seek to restore some measure of self-rule to Hawaii. Models advocated range from that enjoyed by the recognized Native American tribes versus the rest of the United States’ citizens and lands, to that of Liechtenstein and Switzerland. To learn more, visit the Hawaiian Sovereignty Elections Council web site at

http://planet-hawaii.com/hsec/index.html.

Things to come

The huge tourist industry is both a blessing and a curse. Massive development pushes the Hawaii-born off the land to make way for hotels. Displaced Hawaiians, whatever their ethnic background, find themselves having to survive as waiters, chambermaids, clerks—in essence, as the servants of those who have displaced them. Many also fear that tourism will result in the Hawaiian paradise being paved over and lost forever; others feel that it already has been. The story of Hawaii’s evolution is far from over.