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Some cameras claim extraordinary zoom ranges thanks to ‘digital zoom’. This is a highly misleading name for what should be called ‘in-camera cropping’. As you can always crop digital pictures afterwards, digital zoom is not worth an extra penny. When comparing cameras, look at the ‘optical zoom’ range.

Specialist lenses

As well as the regular zoom and prime lenses, there are various specialised types of lens. Mostly we’ll mention these in specific chapters where they may be relevant, like macro lenses for close-up work). Other types you might encounter include:

Fish-eye lenses: ultra-wide-angle lenses where distortion is allowed to run wild giving a uniquely curved view of the world.

Perspective control/Tilt and Shift lenses: lenses with a range of movements built in, allowing correction of perspective (like converging verticals when looking up at tall buildings), and very precise control over depth of field.

Sunflowers, Beaujolais, France (Chiz) Wide maximum apertures (here f/5.6 at 400mm) allow you narrower depth of field