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The bushi’s moral code of ethics, moral standards, philosophy, and national consciousness was bushido, “the way of the warrior.” Many recognize three ages of bushido: ancient martial bushido of the eleventh century, reformed bushido of the seventeenth century, and modern bushido of the nineteenth century (Random 1977, pp. 36–37). The essence of bushido lay in justice, courage, benevolence, politeness, honesty, honor, and loyalty (Draeger and Smith 1969, pp. 88–89). The role of the samurai is tied to the core concept of giri, or duty. To be of service to his lord, the samurai followed the duty and obligation of his status and training by being the best warrior, soldier, bodyguard, and protector possible. The eleven volumes of Hagakure, completed in 1716, are a classic in bushido. The presence and acceptance of death was a central theme. Although idealized and romanticized, the life of the samurai was one of self-sacrifice, loneliness, danger, and inevitably death (with honor, it was hoped).