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Collisional tectonics

Transform plate boundaries

ssss1 (a) Diagram depicting the convergence of India and Asia which closed the Tethys Sea.

Source: Courtesy of NASA;

(b) Satellite image of southern Asia showing indentation of Eurasia by India, the uplift of Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau and the mountains that “wrap around” India.

Source: From UNAVCO.

Transform faultsFracture zonestransform portiontransform scars

Continental transform plate boundariespull‐apart basins

ssss1 Transform faults offsetting ridge segments on the eastern Pacific Ocean floor off Central America. Arrows show directions of sea floor spreading away from the ridge. Oppositely directed arrows (black) indicate transform plate boundaries. Similarly directed arrows (red) indicate intraplate transform scars.

Source: William Haxby, with the permission of Columbia University Earth Institute; Copyright Marine Geoscience Data System.

conservative plate boundaries

ssss1 Fracture zones, transform faults and ridge segments in the eastern Pacific Ocean and western North America. The San Andreas Fault system is a continental transform fault plate boundary.