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Whenever the time given is shorter than one hour, it refers to the walking time; when it is longer, it includes stops. The time specified for the entire stage also includes breaks. The author usually took about 20 minutes’ rest after each hour of walking, but this was terrain-dependent.

Route directions are given according to those showing on a 16-point compass. The four cardinals, four ordinals and the eight compass points between these are abbreviated in the text as N, S, NW, NNW and so on. Where a direction is indicated that is not part of a route direction it is given in full: north, south, northwest, north-northwest.

LEFT VS RIGHT BANK

Sides and banks of streams and rivers in route directions are understood according to geographical lore, and are related to direction of river flow. Whenever a left side/bank of a river is mentioned the true left bank (or the left side of the river as you face downstream) is implied. The same applies to tributaries: a left tributary is a tributary that joins the main river from the left as you face downstream (ditto right side/bank/tributary).