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The research on aspects of the internal–external connections between thought and behavior has developed predominantly within psychological anthropology and cognitive anthropology, although other approaches have also played a part in this area of midrange theory development. The midrange theories that appear to be in the most common use include Cultural Models, Cultural Beliefs Systematic Comparison, and Cultural Cognition (domain analysis). Some specific examples of the use of a cultural models or cultural health beliefs models include research on building culturally congruent prevention systems which are more than models; they are actual structural programs that test the models and their gender sensitivity for use in intervention programs (Weeks et al. 1996).

Cultural Domain Analysis provides an arena within which midrange theories have been successfully applied to both research questions and the development of HIV and drug interventions among other applied efforts. These approaches can provide excellent models for providing culturally competent, and locally motivated information prevention information, as in the case of a Puerto Rican study of what individuals wanted to know about substance abuse and AIDS education from risk reduction programs. They can also provide key information for qualitative–quantitative bridges to find predictors of risk perception, as seen in the work of Singer et al. (1996) among women drug users.