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Anthropologists have been intimately involved in the public debates and explorations of the ethics of research ever since the emergence of the disciple in the late 1800s, when much of the ethical elements of the debate revolved around the meaning of evolution, the relationship of science to theology, and the nature of “civilization” to other forms of social complexity, as opposed to other cultural conditions. Since that time, the discussion of ethics in anthropology has consistently paralleled the concerns, explorations, and debates focused on science in general, on the impact of changing technology and globalization for all cultures around the world, on war and conflict, and on the emerging ethical concerns in the other social sciences (such as deception or sociobiology). One of the first public explorations of ethics in anthropological research is the American Anthropological Association’s participation in the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations 1948).