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The founder of Kōdōkan Jūdō, Kanō Jigorō (1860-1938), proceeded in the same way when he removed all throwing techniques (nage waza) and blows (atemi) which had the potential to kill from traditional jūjutsu, thus developing modern jūdō. These were results of the modernization process the movement for cultural reform was aiming at.

But in Shitō karate a lot of old kata remained. Although they were reformed by Master Itosu, there are numerous hidden techniques that have been handed down to us as non-written secret knowledge. Amongst them were rather cruel techniques to kill. One of my most diligent students, Terada, led the karate lessons in a club of a school that his son also used to attend. Once he told me laughingly that his son had criticized him saying: “Dad, your karate is always against the rules.” This touches the question whether such dangerous techniques should be part of karate practice and whether a martial education makes sense that surpasses the limits of self-defense. As stated above, attacking in order to defend oneself is part of the essence of karate. Indeed there is a certain “borderland” in the study of karate where one learns how to kill very efficiently. That means entering the world of budō. This problem is in fact the most important topic of this book. But first I would like to write about today’s values and the general aims of karate.

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