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Mexico City faces significant danger from natural phenomenon. Its geographical conditions make it continually susceptible to seismic hazards, and being located on land that was once a lake makes the city prone to flooding. Runoff from the nearby mountains is improperly managed, which, in addition to flooding, can lead to mudslides and diseases born from standing water.56

Arnoldo Kramer, Mexico City’s chief resilience officer, explains:

Climate change has become the biggest long-term threat to this city’s future. And that’s because it is linked to water, health, air pollution, traffic disruption from floods, housing vulnerability, to landslides—which means we can’t begin to address any of the city’s real problems without facing the climate issue.57

With the help of the 100 Resilient Cities project, Kramer and his team, and Miguel Ángel Mancera, the head of government of Mexico City at the time, developed a strategy to mitigate worst-case scenarios and build resiliency. The government launched a program named Resilient CDMX: Adaptive, Inclusive and Equitable Transformation, and Arnoldo Kramer was appointed its director of resilience. According to the 100 Resilient Cities project, the Resilience Strategy of CDMX was structured around five priorities, described as follows: