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In addition, the principle of integrity in professional relationships also requires school psychologists to avoid multiple relationships and conflicts of interest that may interfere with professional effectiveness (NASP Guiding Principle III.4; III.5; APA 3.05a). Multiple relationships occur when a psychologist is in a professional role with a client and at the same time is in another role with that person or in a relationship with an individual related to or closely associated with the client. NASP’s code states: “School psychologists refrain from any activity in which multiple relationships with a client or a client’s family could reasonably be expected to interfere with professional effectiveness” (Standard III.4.1). Similarly, the APA’s ethics code requires psychologists to refrain from entering into a multiple relationship “if it can reasonably be expected to impair the psychologist’s objectivity, competence, or effectiveness” in providing services (APA Standard 3.05a). For example, it would not be appropriate to provide services to a friend’s child.

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