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Ethical Decision-Making Model
Three broad types of ethical-legal challenges arise in professional practice: ethical dilemmas, ethical transgressions, and legal quandaries. Ethical dilemmas occur when “there are good but contradictory ethical reasons to take conflicting and incompatible courses of action” (Knauss, 2001, p. 231; also Beauchamp & Childress, 2019), and may foster moral distress among psychologists (Austin et al., 2005). Ethical transgressions or violations are those acts that go against professional expectations for ethical conduct and violate enforceable ethics codes. Ethical transgressions can result in harm to students or others and create a problematic situation for colleagues who must decide whether and how to confront the misconduct (Dailor & Jacob, 2011). Finally, legal quandaries can arise when disregard for federal or state law results in infringement of the legal rights of students and families. Parent–school disputes, especially with regard to special education law, can trigger legal action against the school or school psychologist.