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When faced with a difficult dilemma, the use of a decision-making model is now widely considered be “best practice.” As Cottone (2012) noted, “the profession has advanced to the degree that a psychologist who makes a crucial ethical decision without the use of a model would appear naive, uneducated, or potentially incompetent” (p. 117). NASP’s code of ethics requires practitioners to use a systematic procedure to resolve difficult situations (Standard IV.3.1). Additional research is needed, however, to assess the impact of various decision models on the quality of ethical choices made by psychologists (Boccio, 2020; Cottone, 2012).

Dailor and Jacob (2011) asked school psychology survey participants to identify the types of problem-solving strategies they used when handling difficult situations in the previous year. Less than one-quarter of respondents reported using a systematic decision-making model. Respondents who had received multilevel university training (coursework in ethics, discussion of ethical issues in multiple courses, and supervised discussion of ethical issues in practica and internships) were more likely to report use of a systematic decision-making model than those who had not received multilevel ethics preparation. However, two-thirds of survey participants did report consulting with colleagues when faced with a challenging situation. Gottlieb (2006) identified best practices in providing consultation to colleagues who are facing a difficult ethical situation.