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In order to be properly prepared you must:

■ Be alert and ready to respond to an assault. You must first be alert to the potential for an assault in any given law enforcement situation. One way to stay prepared is through the constant mental rehearsal of “what-if” scenarios.

You must also know that you are ready to do anything reasonable to stop the assault. (As mentioned earlier, the key word here is reasonable. If all it takes is a palm heel strike to the assailant’s chest to stop the assault, then that is all that should be used. If the assailant continues to fight, multiple strikes or a takedown may be more appropriate.)

■ Be confident. You must have confidence in yourself, and in your physical and mental ability to overcome an assailant. The best way to build this self-confidence is through actual physical training in defensive tactics skills on a weekly basis.

■ Develop and use an effective “command voice.” In many cases, the use of a loud, deep, and confident command voice will stop an assault almost as soon as it’s started. I have used this approach many times with excellent results and without having to resort to physical force. One study shows that yelling at an assailant has a definite psychological effect—and could even prevent an attack. Many martial arts systems teach a kiai or “spirit shout” as a way of both deterring an attacker and giving the defender strength, power, and confidence. (This is why many warriors scream when going into battle.)