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The same year, two Mexican scholars published studies of the manuscript which, just as Clark had, focused on the authorship both of the texts and pictures in the Codex Mendoza. The first of these, Silvio Zavala (1938, 59–75) identified tlacuilo Francisco Gualpuyogualcal as the creator of the pictures in the codex. Zavala’s claim was based on a 1547 letter by encomendero Jerónimo López addressed to Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza, which had previously been published by Francisco Fernández del Castillo in 1927. The apparent connection Zavala’s study made between the manuscript and the viceroy helped substantiate what until then had been a hypothesis lacking documentary support. This claim, however, has been previously questioned, first by Nicholson in 1992 and then by me in 2012, using both physical and contextual evidence. Although the issue of patronage and commissioning of the Mendocino is the subject of another chapter in this volume, it is worth discussing briefly at this point the text Zavala (1938, 59) referred to in order to connect the manuscript to the viceroy and mention both its contribution and consequences for the construction of the history of the Mendocino: