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In this chapter we will consider the fundamental chemical constituents that bond together to produce Earth materials such as minerals and rocks. We will discuss the nuclear and electron configurations of atoms and then discuss the role these play in determining both atomic and mineral properties and the conditions under which minerals form. This information will provide a basis for understanding how and why minerals, rocks and other Earth materials have the following characteristics:

1 They possess specific properties that characterize and distinguish them.

2 They provide benefits and hazards through their production, refinement and use.

3 They form in response to particular sets of environmental conditions and processes.

4 They record information about the conditions and processes that produce them.

5 They permit us to infer significant events in Earth's history.

atoms

Protons (p)neutrons (n0)nucleuselectron cloudelectrons (e)

ssss1 Major properties of electrons, protons, and neutrons.