Читать книгу Earth Materials онлайн

61 страница из 155

ssss1 Quantum designations of electrons in the 92 naturally occurring elements. The numbers refer to the principal quantum region occupied by the electrons within the electron cloud; small case letters refer to the subshell occupied by the electrons.

Principal quantum number Subshell description Number of electrons 1 (K) 1s 2 2 (L) 2s 2 2p 6 3 (M) 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4 (N) 4s 2 4p 6 4d 10 4f 14 5 (O) 5s 2 5p 6 5d 10 5f 14 6 (P) 6s 2 6p 6 7 (Q) 7s 2 Total = 92

ssss1 The quantum properties of electrons in the 92 naturally occurring elements, listed with increasing quantum energy (E) from bottom to top; K‐shell electrons violet; L‐shell blue; M‐shell bluish green; N‐shell green; O‐shell yellow; P‐shell orange and Q‐shell red.

diagonal rule

2262626stable octet.

ssss1 The diagonal rule for determining the sequence in which electrons are added to the electron cloud; K‐shell electrons violet; L‐shell blue; M‐shell bluish green; N‐shell green; O‐shell yellow; P‐shell orange and Q‐shell red.