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Virtually all authors owe debts of gratitude for assistance in completing their work. I wish to thank my students and assistant instructors at the Kobukan Karate Club in Toms River, New Jersey, for their help in posing for the many photographs that illustrate this manual. Among them are: John Kandes, Tom Finnerty, Glenn Rosenthal, Joe Schoenig, Robert Todaro, and Ed Winters. Glenn Rosenthal and Clifford Day kindly consented to proofread the manuscript, and my wife, Lucille, assisted with the photography.

I am also indebted to the Philadelphia Museum of Art for the work of art from their collection, appearing on page ssss1.

In addition, Master Masatoshi Nakayama, Chief Instructor of the Japan Karate Association, kindly consented to allow the use of his calligraphy on pages ssss1 and ssss1.

CHAPTER ONE

Basic Physical-Psychological Principles

Zen and the Martial Arts

The long and secretive history of the Asian martial arts is replete with references to Zen Buddhism and Zen principles. The origins of these Zen influences can be traced back many centuries to the legendary travels of Bodhidharma, although many of the stories about him are questioned by historians.