Читать книгу The Mysteries of Bilingualism. Unresolved Issues онлайн

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Various theoretical positions on bilingualism, such as Grosjean’s holistic view (Grosjean 1985, 1989) as well as Cook’s (1991) multi-competence of speakers of two or more languages, have left greater room for language use as a definitional factor. It had started appearing in the last century with Weinreich (1953) who stated that bilingualism is “the practice of alternately using two languages,” and Mackey (1962) who proposed that it is “the alternate use of two or more languages by the same individual.” The language use definition took on more importance over the years, included more than two languages (already mentioned by Mackey (1962)), and became the standard academic definition. Thus, Appel and Muysken (1987) wrote that a bilingual is “somebody who regularly uses two or more languages in alternation,” Romaine (2013) stated that bilingualism is “the routine use of two or more languages in a community,” and de Bot (2019) proposed that multilingualism is “the daily use of two or more languages.”