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A case in point is the decimation of native populations in the Americas. Using historic records and modern epidemiological health surveys, Santos and Coimbra (1998) evaluated historical changes in health of indigenous populations in Brazil through a series of historical events from initial contacts, to various economic booms and busts (rubber and timber), to more recent migrations of settlers into the Amazon. Settler colonialism is now frequently cited as creating the structural underpinnings for ongoing coloniality, persistent poverty, malnutrition, and health inequities among indigenous peoples worldwide. Santos and Coimbra’s ethno-epidemiological research, and most of the extensive literature examining the biology of populations forced into western ideologies and capitalist relations of production and consumption, point to the damaging health effects of these transitions often inadequately glossed as “modernization” or “market integration.” Yet, it is clear that transitions to market-based economies and other forms of capitalist relations can have negative, positive, and uneven effects on health (Dewey 1989; Kennedy 1994; Leatherman 1994; Pelto and Pelto 1983). This unevenness in the effects of markets on health and well-being provided a part of the rationale for the extensive multidisciplinary biocultural investigation in medical anthropology: the Tsimane’ Amazonian Panel Study (Leonard and Godoy 2008).