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Important variations occur also in connection with the modifications to increase surface area mentioned earlier. Of particular importance, in view of its obvious functional success, is the so‐called spiral intestine that characterises elasmobranch fishes. In these species the intestine is cigar‐shaped and has a fold of internal epithelium projecting into the lumen. This projection twists spirally along the length of the intestine, thereby increasing the internal surface area. However, it seems that this adaptation is less successful than the greatly elongated intestine that is found in higher forms, from the teleost fishes to land vertebrates.
pylorus
2.4 Clinical Conditions Affecting Gastrointestinal Function
The clinical presentation of gastrointestinal disease involves one or more of the following clinical signs (see Sections 4.3, 5.3, and 6.3):
1 Acute diarrhoea
2 Chronic diarrhoea
3 Vomiting
4 Weight loss
5 Abdominal discomfort
6 Anorexia
7 Presence of fresh or altered blood in the faeces.