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Carrie Johnson (Case 1.1) will assure Joanne that her disclosure of drug use during pregnancy will be held in strict confidence and not shared with anyone else, and not included in Samantha’s school psychology records (NASP Standard I.2.2; also APA Standard 4.04). Carrie recognizes that she has a special ethical obligation to safeguard the confidentiality of sensitive and private medical information (NASP Standard I.2.6). Furthermore, the information that Joanne disclosed about her pregnancy is not needed for the purpose of determining Samantha’s eligibility for special education services or for planning appropriate educational interventions for her (NASP Standard I.2.1, I.2.4), and could have negative repercussions for Joanne and Samantha if made available to others.

In situations in which confidentiality is promised or implied, school psychologists do not reveal information to third parties “without the agreement of a minor child’s parent, legal guardian, or of an adult student, except in those situations in which failure to release information would result in danger to the student or others, or where otherwise required by law” (NASP Standard I.2.3). Furthermore, when practitioners share information with third parties, they “discuss and/or release confidential information only for professional purposes and only with persons who have a legitimate need to know” (NASP Standard I.2.4).