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ssss1 The period between 1829 and 1835 saw the enactment of several bills in the British Parliament that emancipated the Catholic (1829), African (1834) and Jewish (1835) peoples of the Empire.

ssss1 After having gained its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, Mexico became the empire of Agustín de Iturbide. In 1823, the execution of the emperor gave way to the first presidency led by Guadalupe Victoria. The 1830s saw the multiple appearances of General Santa Ana, under whose possession Mexico lost Texas following a shameful defeat. During the 1840s and 1850s, Mexico maintained hostile interactions with the United States. In this period, Mexico lost New Mexico and Arizona also under the failed leadership of General Santa Ana. In 1862, the empire of Maximilian I of Habsburg was established in Mexico; it lasted just five short years. The brief restoration of democracy under Juárez gave way to the coup d’état led by Porfirio Díaz in 1876, which plunged Mexico into a dictatorship that lasted the next thirty years. After a final attempt to establish his power, the elections called by Díaz in 1910 started the Mexican Revolution, resulting in the octogenarian dictator’s exile and, after several civil wars and coups during the 1920s and 1930s, Mexico saw the rise of an authoritarian state.