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Red and pink

An insect-derived anthraquinone lake pigment has been detected in all the red areas of the painted figures (folio 2r: lower left shield; folio 37r: right warrior’s cap and shield; folio 63r: teponaztli holder; and folio 64r: mantle of lower right warrior) by means of UV-Vis reflectance and emission spectroscopy. The same anthraquinone lake pigment was also used to paint pink areas, both in a lighter and a darker hue (folio 63r: ladle censer and folio 64r: border of the central mantle in the third register). Considering the historical period and the geographical origin of the codex, cochineal is the most likely insect source of this pigment. The use of cochineal as a codex painting material has been detected in most of analyzed codices (Domenici et al. 2017) and it is clearly reported in historical sources, in which it is called tlapalli. Tlacuahuac tlapalli could be the name of a cochineal lake, while terms such as tlapalnextli and camopalli seem to refer to specific chromatic variants of cochineal lakes (Dupey García 2009; 2015, 153; 2016).