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Given the roots of many critical biocultural anthropological studies of health in processes of evolution and development as well as political economy, a series of theoretical and methodological shifts in studies of human biology over the past several decades have tremendous implications for the way bodies are framed and for the ability to link social inequalities to biology and health through specific pathways of embodiment.

Within the areas of evolution and development, there has been a renewed attention to biological plasticity, niche construction, and multiple modes of inheritance as part of an extended evolutionary synthesis (Fuentes 2016; Hoke and McDade 2015) that make more legible links between social relations of power and biology (Hicks and Leonard 2014). Tracing pathways of embodiment to ground these conceptual links have been facilitated by advances in new field methods of biological measurement (e.g., the collection of dried blood spots and other biomarkers) that can provide data on multiple physiological pathways, including neuroendocrine, cardiopulmonary, and immune/inflammatory, through which social factors can contribute to health (McDade and Harris 2018; Worthman and Costello 2009).