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9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 “Curtain of Fire” fissure eruption on Mauna Loa produces an elong...Figure 9.2 A central summit crater vent and flank eruption basalt lava flow ...Figure 9.3 Small parasitic volcano cones at the Mauna Kea summit. Subsurface...Figure 9.4 (a) Kīlauea caldera rim, Halema’uma’u crater, and Overlook pit cr...Figure 9.5 Flood basalts occur in both continental and oceanic environments ...Figure 9.6 (a) 12 m high “Pipe Organ” basalt columns, Giants Causeway, North...Figure 9.7 Glassy rinds and stretch marks on billowed pillow basalts that er...Figure 9.8 Black smoker from hydrothermal vent fields along the Kermadec Arc...Figure 9.9 Shield volcano map of the Big Island of Hawaii.Figure 9.10 On 6 June 2018, an explosion within Halema’uma’u crater blasted ...Figure 9.11 A 8 June 2018 eruption produced 70 m high lava fountains spoutin...Figure 9.12 Approximately 5 m tall spatter cone constructed by a lava founta...Figure 9.13 Approximately 5 m high, 100 m long spatter rampart in Kīlauea fr...Figure 9.14 Pele's tears collected downwind from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii. No...Figure 9.15 Pele's blonde hair created by windblown streamlining of silica g...Figure 9.16 Thurston Lave Tube in Hawaii formed during fissure eruptions in ...Figure 9.17 Skylights into lava tube system in Hawaii caldera.Figure 9.18 Ropey, billowy pahoehoe flow and a skylight in Hawaii.Figure 9.19 An aa flow erupted on Kīlauea Volcano's East Rift Zone on 1 June...Figure B9.1 USGS block diagram illustrating magma flow from the summit calde...Figure B9.2 Kīlauea summit lava lake has been active from April 2018 to 2021...Figure B9.3 Kīlauea summit caldera subsidence as a result of Spring 2018 vol...Figure B9.4 Halema’uma’u crater experienced loss of its lava lake, summit de...Figure B9.5 9 August 2018 map denoting volcanic activity along the East Rift...Figure 9.20 On the Big Island of Hawaii: Mauna Loa (background), Mauna Kea (...Figure 9.21 Cinder cones of the San Francisco volcanic field in the foregrou...Figure B9.6 The volcano of Parícutin soon after its birth in 1943.Figure 9.22 Relative scale of composite volcanoes versus shield volcanoes....Figure 9.23 Block lava composed of trachyandesite (an extrusive rock, interm...Figure 9.24 Fin shaped spine at Mount St. Helens, February 2005.Figure 9.25 Mount St. Helens' lava dome as viewed on 22 August 1981 from 800...Figure 9.26 22 June 1980 explosive eruption of Mt. St. Helens sent pumice an...Figure 9.27 Loosely welded tuff from, of all places, Kīlauea Crater, Hawaii....Figure 9.28 Pyroclastic ash cloud and pyroclastic flow generated by dome col...Figure 9.29 Pyroclastic surges buried Plymouth on the Island of Montserrat f...Figure 9.30 Montserrat Lahar deposits from 1995, with building size blocks e...Figure B9.7 Hazard assessment map of Colombia's Nevado (Navada) del Ruiz vol...Figure B9.8 Armero buried by a lahar.Figure B9.9 Map of lahar flows and pyroclastic flow zones in the Tacoma‐Seat...Figure 9.31 Yellowstone's Quaternary eruptions include three of the four lar...Figure 9.32 Phreatomagmatic volcanic activity is particularly common in plac...Figure 9.33 Diamond Head Tuff Ring.Figure 9.34 A lake in the bottom of a tuff cone crater within the caldera at...Figure 9.35 In April of 1977, Ukinrek volcano experienced a 10 day phreatoma...Figure 9.36 Hot spring pools precipitate opaline (silica) sinter deposits wi...Figure 9.37 Beehive geyser at Yellowstone.Figure 9.38 (a) This fumarole at Kīlauea volcano is releasing sulfur gases w...Figure 9.39 Mass extinctions (gray) and flood basalts (red) over the past 30...