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11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Differential weathering between durable cliff and pillar‐forming...Figure 11.2 The relative roles of mechanical disintegration and chemical dec...Figure 11.3 Bryce Canyon, Utah showing pillars and windows formed by differe...Figure 11.4 Joints in anorthosite bedrock, Saranac Lake, New York.Figure 11.5 Sequential diagram (clockwise from top left) showing disintegrat...Figure 11.6 Biological weathering by tree root growth in Silurian dolostone,...Figure 11.7 The increase in surface area resulting from disintegration of ro...Figure 11.8 Spheroidal weathering of basaltic rock at Table Mountain, Golden...Figure B11.1 (a) Dissolution of carbonates by carbonated acidic groundwater....Figure 11.9 Distribution of karst dissolution features in the United States....Figure 11.10 Generalized erosion rates for wind (blue line) and water (red l...Figure 11.11 (a) The basic components of clay minerals: a single silica tetr...Figure 11.12 A three‐layer illite model depicting an aluminum octahedral lay...Figure 11.13 A three‐layer smectite clay, montmorillonite, in a partially ex...Figure 11.14 A four‐layer, 14 Å (0.14 μm) structure typical of chlorites, wi...Figure 11.15 (a) Paintings of horses using manganese oxides and hydroxides (...Figure 11.16 Proportions of the major components in average soil.Figure 11.17 Textural classification of soils.Figure 11.18 Layered soil produced by the disintegration and decomposition o...Figure 11.19 The ideal distribution of soil horizons in a fully developed wi...Figure 11.20 Examples of the major soil orders in the USDA‐NRSC soil taxonom...Figure 11.21 The major Atterberg classes of fine‐grained soils and the limit...Figure 11.22 Liquefaction produced when grains (blue) are separated; cohesiv...Figure B11.2 (a) Damage to the Van Norman (Lower San Fernando) Dam, 1971....Figure 11.23 (a) Collapsed apartment buildings in Nigata, Japan, after the 1...Figure 11.24 A Casagrande plot of soil sensitivity using the plasticity inde...Figure 11.25 Italy's famed Leaning Tower of Pisa, which was constructed on c...Figure 11.26 (a) Jurassic soil with plant root casts, buried by braided stre...