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The eight trigrams that form the basis of the Book of Changes are as follows:

Name Attribute Image Part of Body Ch’ien, Creative Strong Heaven Head, heart K’un, Receptive Yielding Earth Spleen, stomach Chen, Arousing Movement Thunder Liver, throat K’an, Abysmal Dangerous Water Kidneys, ears Ken, Stillness Resting Mountain Back, hands/feet Sun, Gentle Penetrating Wind Intestines Li, Clinging Brilliance Fire Heart, spirit Tui, Joyous Joyful Lake Lungs, chest

In turn, these trigrams are often arranged in a circle around a T’ai-chi (Great Ultimate) symbol, the familiar diagram divided into yin and yang (Fig. ssss1). As the two yin and yang lines combine into groups of three, they gather at the eight directions to form the eight trigrams.

1. The Pa-kua Diagram

The sixty-four hexagrams evolved from the combinations of the eight trigrams being paired with one another. The theory behind this is explained in the Book of Changes, where the trigrams are also identified with the human body.

The diagram of the eight trigrams shown in Figure ssss1 is based upon the philosophy of the Book of Changes. The symbology is broad enough to embrace all things in Heaven and Earth, and narrow enough to represent the workings of the human body. It forms a path that can be followed both in cultivating the tao and in studying Pa-kua boxing. It also forms the essence of Pa-kua: “If you do not understand the philosophical theory expounded by the diagram, but only perform the movements of Pa-kua,” Wang Shu-chin writes, “you will merely be doing calisthenics.”