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The average running time has been given for each route, as this will provide a meaningful gauge for most readers. The intention is that the times will suit the majority, but as you progress through the itineraries in this guidebook you’ll quickly decide whether you need to adapt the timings to your own speed. A calculation that works well for shorter runs is 8km/h plus 1hr per 1000m ascended.

GPX files

GPX files for all the routes in this book are available as free downloads from www.cicerone.co.uk/880/GPX, for smartphone or GPS device. Remember to take spare batteries for your GPS unit, especially in cold or wet conditions, and always carry a paper map and compass as a backup.

Abbreviations and waypoints

Within the route descriptions, ‘left’ and ‘right’ have been abbreviated to L and R, with LH and RH for ‘left-hand’ and ‘right-hand’, and ‘straight ahead’ to SA. Similarly, the four points of the compass have been abbreviated to N, S, E and W. Numbered waypoints on the map relate to the numbered sections of route description. Furthermore, where a named feature also appears on the map, it is shown in bold in the route description to help you keep track of where you are along the way and aid navigation.