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ssss1 Inductive and deductive modes of reasoning in the cycle of research.
Ethnography is commonly considered an inductive approach, but it is compatible with deductive modes of reasoning, too. Cascio (2017) describes a process of operationalizing biopolitical theory for ethnographic research on autism in Italy. Using a meaning-centered approach, Cascio conducted participant observation and ethnographic interviews with staff at autism-specific service organizations, autism professionals, and people who attended autism services, as well as their parents. Cascio analyzed transcripts and notes using both inductive and deductive techniques, including a set of a priori codes derived from biopolitical theory (e.g., molecularization, somatic expertise, collective identities and socialities). This deductive approach positioned Cascio to ask how well contemporary discourses on autism in Italy resonate with theories about biosociality and biological citizenship.
Elements of Research Design
Good research design consists of an explicit, logical plan for connecting data and theory. In all types of research – participant observation, surveys, experiments – the major components of this plan are the same: