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 Formulating research questions (and hypotheses, if appropriate)

 Selecting a research site where the research questions can be addressed

 Developing a sampling strategy for selecting observations required to answer the research questions or test hypotheses

 Choosing methods to collect data needed to answer research questions

 Creating a plan for managing, documenting, and archiving data

 Selecting methods for analyzing data to answer specific research questions and test hypotheses

This list makes clear how research questions ideally permeate all major components of research design – sampling, data collection, and data analysis. Well-designed studies (and grant proposals) make these links explicit.

Medical anthropologists and others have offered practical advice to enhance the links between different elements of research design. LeCompte and Schensul (2010, p. 188) recommend that researchers use a “data collection matrix” to fit questions to methods. Their matrix involves listing what researchers want to know, what types of data they will need to find out, where and from whom they can find such data, and how they will collect it.