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2 ssss1 See particularly my books that explore Aristotle: Method and Practice in Aristotle’s Biology (Lanham, MD and London: UPA/Rowman and Littlefield, 1983) and The Origins of Ancient Greek Science: Blood—A Philosophical Study (New York and London: Routledge, 2015): ssss1, and “Mechanism and Teleology in Aristotle’s Biology” Apeiron 15.2 (1981): 96−102; “The Place of Nature in Aristotle’s Biology” Apeiron 19.1 (1985): 126−139.

3 ssss1 The Oxford English Dictionary cites four principal categories for the noun form in English and many others in verbal and adjectival forms. For a brief summary of the noun forms see below:I. Senses relating to physical or bodily power, strength, or substance: e.g., Semen. Occasionally also: the sexual fluid of a woman. Now rare; and the vital functions of the human body as requiring sustenance, esp. nourishment. Frequently in to support (also suffice, sustain) nature. Now rare. II. Senses relating to mental or physical impulses and requirements, e.g., The vital functions of the human body as requiring sustenance, esp. nourishment. Frequently in to support (also suffice, sustain) nature. Now rare. III. Senses relating to innate character, e.g., The inherent or essential quality or constitution of a thing; the inherent and inseparable combination of properties giving any object, event, quality, emotion, etc., its fundamental character. In later use also more generally: kind, type. IV. Senses relating to the material world, e.g., (a) The creative and regulative power which is conceived of as operating in the material world and as the immediate cause of its phenomena. (b) The phenomena of the physical world collectively; esp. plants, animals, and other features and products of the earth itself, as opposed to humans and human creations. (c) In a wider sense: the whole natural world, including human beings; the cosmos. Obsolete. (d) (Contrasted with art.) In a person’s speech, writing, drawing, etc.: fidelity or close adherence to nature; naturalness; (apparent) lack of artifice. Obsolete. (e) in nature: (of goods or products) in a natural condition; un-manufactured. Obsolete. Rare. In various way, this chapter touches on all of these even though many of the texts considered are not written in English. Please also note that these four senses of nature are not to be confused with the three senses of nature that I put forth.