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6 ssss1 Aristotle sets these three powers out in Peri psuche (De anima): Plants—414 31; Animals—414b1−415a13; Humans—III.3−5. For a brief overview on this see my article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: https://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-bio.

7 ssss1 For more context on this see: Boylan (1981), (1983), (1985), (2015).

8 ssss1 Michael Boylan, Natural Human Rights: A Theory (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014): ssss1 and ssss1.

9 ssss1 I have identified this sense of nature of one of three principal forms in the ancient world in my book The Origins of Ancient Greek Science: Blood—A Philosophical Study (New York and London: Routledge, 2015). I have continued with this characterization in subsequent lectures and essays. The other two forms are nature as materially understood under a realistic epistemology and nature understood materially under an anti-realistic epistemology.

10 ssss1 The literature on this is huge. Some brief suggestions include: Lawrence James, The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (New York: St. Martins, 1997); Adam Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1999); Gareth Knapman, Race and British Colonialism in South East Asia: 1770−1870 (New York and London: Routledge, 2018); Shashi Tharoor, Inglorius Empire: What the British did to India (Royal Oak, MI: Scribe Publishers, 2018); James Lehning, European Colonialism Since 1700 (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013); and Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart (New York: Penguin Books, 1994). What is common to these and many other studies is that the age of conquest and massive land theft required a sensibility of superiority over the vanquished. This separation and consequent belief in superiority is analogous to the separation that many feel from Nature.