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59 ssss1 Please note that “making” (in the sense intended above) is under the control of the “maker.” Some apparent “makings” really owe their efficacy to some other system, e.g., biological reproduction does not constitute a “making” in this sense. If male A and female B sexually interact so that child C results, there is a sense of A and B being a contributing part of the causal process in C’s coming-to-be, but most of the work involves n/Natural processes that are common to all males and females of that species and others, as per phylogenetic relations affected by systematic, evolutionary proximity.

60 ssss1 One exposition of the principle of precautionary reason I accept is by Deryck Beyleveld and Shaun D. Pattinson, “Defending Moral Precaution as a Solution to the Problem of Other Minds: A Reply to Holm and Coggon,” Ratio Juris 23 (2) (2010): 258−-273.

61 ssss1 For a more thorough treatment of this author’s views on this topic see: Michael Boylan and Kevin Brown, Genetic Engineering: Ethics and Science on the New Frontier (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002).