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45 ssss1 This distinction in the Western tradition goes at least as far back as the differing views of Parmenides (the static view) and Heraclitus (the constant change position).

46 ssss1 How biological evolutionary theory ought to be applied to human social society has been a long going experiment still in progress. From Herbert Spencer, The Synthetic Philosophy (London: Williams and Norgate, 1915, 5th impression) to socio-biology, e.g., Arthur F.G. Bourke, Principles of Social Evolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011) it has been controversial just how principles of biological evolution might be properly applied to the structure of human society.

47 ssss1 Note that “better” and “worse” are not a part of biological evolutionary theory. Rather, it is an unproven assumption based upon the connotation of the word “evolution” as applied more broadly to human society, cf. n. 46.

48 ssss1 Hesiod discusses devolution as five ages of man: Golden, Silver, Bronze, Heroic, and Iron Ages in Works and Days—Hesiod, Theogony and Works and Days, ed. Glenn W. Most (London and Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library, 2006): ll. 109−201; cf. Ovid, Metamorphosis, ed. G.P. Gould, et al. (London and Cambridge MA: Loeb Classical Library, 1984): Bk. I, ll. 89−150.