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31 ssss1 Michael Boylan, “Worldview and the Value-Duty Link to Environmental Ethics” in Environmental Ethics, 2nd edn. Ed. Michael Boylan (Malden, MA and Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014): 95−108.

32 ssss1 The type-token distinction is variously represented. My use of the distinction owes its source to Paul Grice, “Utterer’s Meaning and Intentions” (1969) 78 Philosophical Review 147−177 and Willard Van Quine, Quiddities: An Intermittently Philosophical Dictionary. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987).

33 ssss1 Boylan (2014).

34 ssss1 For the fine points of this see the argument for “The Moral Status of Basic Goods” in Boylan (2014): 182.

35 ssss1 The relationship between “tool-making” and the evolution of rationality is a controversial subject. For a general discussion of some of the key points to this discussion see: Alex H. Taylor and Russell D. Gray, “Is There a Link Between the Crafting of Tools and the Evolution of Cognition” WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5: 693−703. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1322.